Strategic Information System (SIS)

Introduction As Barlow (1990) provides, SIS exercise should align with SIS objectives for the realisation of business strategic goals. IS has enabled coordination and management and lack of experience and resources required to ensure implementation pose challenges to a company planning to operate globally. Additionally, overall success of an integrated business objective is stated by Pant and Hsu (1995) to â€Å"depend upon the organisation structure, the level of IT experience within the company and the availability of information resources† (p.17).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Information System (SIS) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This therefore implies that IS is indeed a management function and requires the integration of both impact and aligned views of innovative and competitive intelligence of an organisation. It has also increased the realisation of IS application to a firm’s strategic activities enabling efficiency while improving business performances. When applied correctly, information technology can serve as a competitive intelligence in business operations. Technology-enabled business solutions have facilitated globalisation of business operations through retail and wholesale transactions such as global banking. Web-based electronic banking solutions on the other hand have eliminated time and distance barriers by attracting worldwide markets. As a control and coordinative function, IT has facilitated financial and human resources services increasing the global nature of interdependent to information system which in turn enhances business strategy. Strategic importance of information in organisations Strategic information system (SIS) is increasingly becoming important integration unit in many business application services. This approach to strategy formation has influenced the forces will see today in global markets. It is especially true that SIS has influenced strategic planning and is constantly improving company operations in significant ways. Its contribution and impacts to organizations has sufficiently supported the new role of information system and technology which captures and challenges while improving performance and realising gains of its investment. SIS is a practice that ted to regard application regimes such as planning, connecting structurally to different access points with multiple applications and directly to the information system to arrive at consistent economic evaluation of information system investment (Rockart 1979). Pant and Hsu (1995) define SIS as â€Å"the analysis of a corporation’s information and processes using businesses information models together with the evaluation of risk, current needs and requirements† (p.1). In this regard, SIS should be generally understood as a critical requirement to corporate data processing and development of computer-based system that response to company’s needs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, realisation of the need to make information system importance to organisation has become practical bringing with it an intertwined relationship between information system function and corporate strategy (Pavri and Ang 1995; Beath and Orlikowski 1994; Porter and Miller 1985). Thought to be particularly important to today’s competitive markets, SIS applications have been widely used as backroom operation in first line support services to deal with day to day mundane tasks leaving office operations to concentrate on strategic planning (Lederer1992). SIS planning begins with identification of needs followed by strategic implementation that begins with what Pant and Hsu (1995) states as â€Å"objectives, priorities, and authorisation of information system projects need to be formalised† (p.1). In other words, beginning with simple tasks then slowly progressing to complex information and support system levels requires as stated in Pant and Hsu (1995) article as â€Å"identification of system development plan that identifies specific projects slated for the future are required, priorities for each project and for resources, general procedures and constraints for each application area† (p.2). In other words, SIS plans to integrate into the corporate system should be specific and adequate to allow understanding of each application, and to understand its procedural order of development. This simply means that organisations should provide a new checklist to ensure most critical priorities are met first. King (1995) article on SIS argued that â€Å"a strategic capability architecture- a flexible and continuous improving infrastructure of organisation capabilities- is the primary basis for a company’s sustainable competitive advantage† (p.67). He stresses on th e need for continuous updating and improving of information system application to align with firm’s strategic objectives against its capabilities. Also defined by Pant and Hsu (1995) as â€Å"a networked, integrated system, available and supportive to users, relate to business strategy, and enable the business-business driven† (p.4), it is indeed true that SIS is a prerequisite of management functions and its application is critical to company’s future success. Corporate functions align with information use and needs with the strategic direction of a company increase strategic importance of information technologies (Battaglia 1991; Hsu and Rattner 1993). As strategically used in office applications, information technology has the capacity to drive development of corporate information system ensuring economic evaluations of information system investment reduces time and space barriers. Deliverance mechanisms of information technology projects specifically rely on aspects such as computer integrated manufacturing such as electronic data interchange and mails as well as providing links to suppliers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Information System (SIS) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In factory application, information technology has been critical in providing future strategic sustainment for existing businesses. This application is evident in employee data base and maintenance of scheduling. It has also had the strongest influence on support system of an organisation by helping improve management and performance in areas such as recording and payroll. Applied as a strategic and competitive integrative tool, it has been without doubt that information technology has enabled businesses link to each other while pursuing their opportunities and goals. As an agent-based programming, SIS has been progressively used to support breakthrough ideas in business process es. One business week article presented in The Technology Payoff (1993) argued that information system provides business strategies for management and users while providing coalition systems applicable for entrepreneurial use in innovation and bottom-up development. Deeply imbedded in business processes, SIS has been evidenced to bring about agility, quality and productivity. Applied strategically to cater for the ever rising organisation demands that strive to serve business goals and gain competitive advantage. The Technology Payoff (1993) article provide that information system has indeed helped many businesses in meeting their data processing needs when it indicated that â€Å"throughout the 1980s US businesses invested a staggering $1 trillion in the information tech logy†(p.57). This statement clarifies the importance of IS in adding vale to an organisation. Merely as a tool for integrating business strategies, SIS is indeed a management function that helps identify wea kest areas in organisation and providing the best management systems. Understanding IS practice is important in helping an organisation maximise the return on its information technology investment while meeting its data processing needs. On turning on the question of literacy, integration of information technology in management functions has automated routine tasks without changing business processes, resulting to high productivity. It is also plausible to argue that application of IS has hugely reduced organisation operation expenses by flattening an organisation and adding value to the existing processes. Other studies by The Technology Payoff (1993) claim â€Å"the return on investment in information system averaged to 54% for manufacturing and 68% for all businesses surveyed† (p.58). The article further adds â€Å"technology impacts on re-defining, re-engineering businesses and is likely to continue and it’s expected that IT will play increasingly important roles in future† (p.58).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pant et al (1994) on the other hand points out that â€Å"the emerging vision of virtual corporations will become a reality only if it is rooted in new visionary information technology† (p.1). This article emphasises the future strategic importance of SIS when it further stated â€Å"it is information technology alone which will carve multiple ‘virtual corporations’ simultaneously out of the same physical resources and adopt them without having to change the actual organisation† (p.1). This shows that IT has over the years achieved coherence and integration offering unprecedented possibilities, which have turned into strategic planning. Keen (1993) realistically posits that â€Å"organisations not planning for strategic information system may fail to spot the business implications of competitors use of information technology until it is too late for them to react† (p.1). It is to this we conclude that information technology changes the basics of com petition in an industry, and without it, many businesses will be distinct. While SIS is generally recognised as a key to economic resource, companies are increasingly considering it as one of the firm’s most valuable source of knowledge and important assets comparable to capital and human resources. Since, information is very critical to post-industrial age. The changing world of work is changing to correspond with the ever-changing nature of science and technology- which means that the mainstreams of organisations are driven by technical and strategic functions. IT plays a crucial role in enabling critical operations such as banking and retailing transactions and overall performances come to operation. A perfect example of this is Wal-Mart Stores as quoted by Sheth (1994) to provide â€Å"a computerised inventory control system that electronically orders merchandise from supplies and maintain order in the warehouse† (p.3). This device uses the Wal-Mart Satellite Netwo rk (WSN) that enables two way satellite communications between networks. He further provides Apple and Hewlett-Packard computers as other examples of electronics that are integrated with information system. The second dimension of strategic importance of information in management functions is that of centralising strategic operations. Involved with leading the way in the organisation operates, IT has immensely gained recognition in top management functions. General Motors provides another example on the use of computers as communicative strategic resource enabling it acquire EDS and Hughes. Gaining top management attention, I S has enabled integrated data processing and telecommunication functions to a centralised location. This function explains how information system can mobilise organisation support operations to a centralised strategic functions spreading power away from local administrative support functions to the centre of strategic integrated operation. Information technolog y is increasingly becoming important strategic resource resulting to intense competition in the markets forcing companies to become more efficient and effective. (McFarlan 1984, p.98) Globalisation of business operations have also come to effect since the adoption of IS applications. Sheth (1994) argues that IT has facilitated the post-industrial age where companies acquire global operations and products immensely reducing time and space barriers in market operations. Dating back to its ability to influence organisational changes, Sheth (1994) argues that information technology has enabled flexibility allowing easy collaborations between companies leading to increased mergers and acquisitions evidenced today. With regards to technological revolution, information technology has enabled availability of affordable and useful software applicable to organisation enabling them operate on reduced costs (Rouse and Howard 1993). Telephone companies are good examples of how office automation through computerised billing and operation services can be essential in enabling a company gain competitive advantage over others. These companies also reported reduced operation costs that resulted to significant cost savings and easy account management with the application of information technology. Hotel and tourism industry on the other hand have also reported significant reduction in what Sheth (1994) states as â€Å"operation costs through computerised travel reservations, guest reservations, billing and physical facilities† (p.5). Information technology provides systematic monitoring and evaluation of product and service ensuring less error per unit of activity is achieved. This strategy is evident in the scanner technology and The Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode with chart labels used throughout the US in supermarkets to identify products being purchased. This system has also been used in to speed up checkout processes in airline baggage applications and inventor y control in merchandise management in retail stores (Sheth 1994, p.5). Telecom companies and Fedex Express are increasing relying on value-added services to customise needs of users by creating immediate value and differentiation. Both of these companies have extensively integrated information technologies into their system as a way of enhancing their reliability and ensuring timely deliveries are made -which serves a competitive advantage. When used correctly, information technology faced with information can serve as a competitive intelligence in business operations. For example the Sabre system as applied by American airlines ensures constant updates of airline schedules and fares are adjusted serving it a competitive advantage over other companies. Technology-enabled business solutions have facilitated globalisation of business operations through retail and wholesale transactions such as global banking. Web-based electronic banking solutions have eliminates time and distance ba rriers ensuring suppliers and customers are provided with adequate and efficient services. As a control and coordinative function, IT has facilitated financial and human resources services increasing the global nature of interdependent to information system which in turn enhances business strategy. Sheth (1994) provides perfect example of such operations to include Investment banking and stock exchange companies as a global business operations specialising in borrowing and investing capital across global financial markets on web portals. Sheth (1994) article also emphasises that without information system, the high degrees of stock market volatility and market crash experienced a decade ago would not have occurred. He further adds that computerisation of information technologies have enabled investors adequate information on daily trading cycles. Airline industries on the other hand have been great beneficiaries of information system through the application of inventory control and order entry system since most of its retailing merchandise services such booking tickets are done on internet portals. Finally, embracing information technology through mergers and acquisitions has enabled rationalisation of manufacturing capacity on international levels necessitating what Sheth (1994) states as â€Å"the development and deployment of global networks to coordinate all the activities of manufacturing, assembly and fabrication across global networks† (p.8). Sheth (1994) concludes by adding that â€Å"areas of global business operations such as global procurement, marketing, resources and economy are creating a need for information technology to eliminate time and distance barriers† (p.8). One more reason for increasing the importance of information technologies is the reorganisation of departments and corporations. It has been evidenced that office automation functions have realised reduced operational costs and facilitated efficiency through flattening an organisation and consolidating the support functions such as clerical and secretarial to enable faster data processing as evident in many telecommunication companies. Also, the increased domestic mergers and acquisitions were facilitated by integration and consolidation of information systems which enabled companies realised their capital investment through reduced operation costs. Realisation of corporate strategic resource requires re-organisation and rationalisation of respective information technologies. In crisis management for instance, Sheth (1994) urges the need to recognised adequate information technologies when he stated â€Å" is it possible to prevent, abate, contain or at least quickly respond to corporate crises such as earthquakes, major fire, random shootings, or stealing proprietary information† (p.9). Conclusively, as companies grow and competition intensifies, the need to align company’s strategic goals to become market driven is required. Sheth (1994) succinctly adds â€Å"when an organisation shifts from product divisions to market divisions, the value chain and flow of operations change significantly â€Å"(p.9). This is to mean that if a manufacturing firm for example is driven by materials and customers demand, application of information system to bridge the gap and re-organise its functional activities and support systems to satisfy its customers is required. Sheth (1994) concludes by adding that â€Å"many functions cannot be carried out efficiently without customer order entry systems, database management and, in general, on-line integrated information systems† (p.9). As mentioned earlier, understanding of current practice relating to the application of information system in areas such as crisis management, competition, mergers and acquisitions and consolidation are of paramount importance. This article has realistically pointed out increased value in IS application by providing examples on its efficiencies in the mainframe computing. Facsimile machined have transformed to calculators and telephone terminals. Finally, fibre optics, personal computers and the advent of digital services are among just a few information system solutions mentioned by Sheth (1994). Data Protection Legislation Data Protection Legislation is a law designed to protect personal data against illegitimate processing or unauthorised deletion or loss. Personal information is subjected to a complex array of data protection laws limiting data use without the consent of the party being obtained from. Below is an overview of some of the UK laws that business need to consider to avoid what Wessing (2010) states as â€Å"issues of legal liability, restriction on the handling of data or damage of brand and reputation† (p.1). The Data Protect Act 1998 provides Rules and practices that must be adhered to when processing information and grants rights to individuals whose information are being availed. This does not h owever prevent data processing but limits extend to which this information is being availed. This is done by creating independent supervisory body to ensure UK businesses are consistence with legislative requirements. Enforcing rules, rights and practices to ensure safe and healthy working environment aims at harmonising data protection legislation across UK. Aimed at regulating processing of data as applied to computer-based records, UK Data Protection Act directive strives to harmonise legislative rules on data protection to ensure its citizens are well informed and protected. Principles of data protection are applied particularly as stated by Wessing (2010) as â€Å"what personal data being processed, obtained and subsequently used, ‘fairly and lawfully’† (p.3). These are mentioned as; Ensuring data processed meets pre-set conditions of legislative rules, Requesting for permission from individual before collecting data from them. This implies that informatio n regarding the processing of personal data has to be consented and explained of its legitimate interests. In this regard, data subjects are required to be provided with extensive information explaining how data will be gathered and processed as well as full identity of data controller and purposes of data being collected. Data subjects on the other hand are required to be provided what Wessing (2010) states as â€Å"rights that include right to object to direct marketing and right to prevent processing likely to cause substantial distress to† (p.3). The Privacy and Electronic Communication The Privacy and Electronic Communication regulation applies to marketing communications activities via electronic media such as fax, email and telephone. This directive to privacy is aimed at governing data in the events of information exchange. This electronic communication regulation act requires the sender to provide his identification and notify the recipient whenever their information is being obtained. Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) This legislation is concerned with monitoring of communication on public and private networks. Lawful interception obtains communication network data for monitoring purposes and requires companies to inform users of the subsequent use of their information as provided by Lawful Business Practice Regulations 2000. RIPA sets out what Wessing (2010) states as â€Å"requirements for monitoring or keeping records of communication in self regulatory practices and demonstration that standards by persons using the system and detect authorised use of employer information† (p.8). Freedom of information Act 2000 (FOI) Freedom of information Act 2000 (FOI) gives individual rights to access or deny the existence of the recorded information held by public authorities or competitors (Wessing 2010, p.8). Incorporating key aspects of the data protection legislation Apple Company started as a computer company in the 1970s an d has continued to expand its products over the decades to more specialised products. It admits to using cookies on its website as a strategy of keeping statistics on what parts of the websites that are most hit and how much time clients spend on the website for purposes of product improvement- mentioned as number one online advertisement strategy (Apple 2010). Some data may also require special kind of service level features such as Voip or video conferencing. In this regard, lawful interception of information networked data for monitoring purposes will require Apple to adequately inform its users of its subsequent use. Information System Planning Framework While multihoming is generally used to eliminate network failures, Apple Company applies it to save data transfer costs as the site can use several Internet Service Providers (ISP) and route data traffic to a certain ISP (Hinden 2010). On the contrary though, Information system managers in Apple Company when attempting to connec t employees in various department fails to implement data protection rules when spying on employees who engage in leisure browsing activities while at work. These problems have always been attributed to adequate education on employee privacy due to lack of resources, insufficient planning process and output related problems. Failure to hire technical expertise commitment to carrying out the final plan increases fault intolerance and redundancy because when a lot of office hours are spend on leisure browsing resulting to low outputs. In this regard, resources are required to carry out strategic information system planning, finding team leader with adequate knowledge in computer support and offering education on data protection legislation. In this regard, top management executives should ensure company objectives are not detailed, lengthy and complex, otherwise information system application may be of no value. Where the objective of an organisation aligns with IS strategy, Barlow (1 990) argues that â€Å"the large number of methodologies that have been developed can often add confusion rather than clarify to the (IS) planning process (p.6). Conclusion SIS plans to integrate into the corporate system should be specific and simple to allow understanding of its procedural order of development. The need for continuous updating and improving of information system application to align with firm’s strategic objectives against its capabilities is required. Since information technology provides systematic monitoring and evaluation of products and services, companies that apply IS should be able to record increased turn over ratios due to reduced error per unit levels. It is indeed true that SIS is a prerequisite of management functions and its application is critical to company’s future success. In this regard, all corporate functions should align their company strategic direction with information system applications as a strategy to increase the importa nce of information technologies. In cases of data protection legislation, subjects are required to be provided with extensive information explaining how data will be gathered and processed as well as full identity of data controller and purposes of data being collected. List of References Apple. 2011. Apple Customer Privacy Policy. Available at;  https://www.apple.com/legal/privacy/ Barlow, J.F., 1990. Putting Information Systems Planning Methodologies Into perspective. Journal of Systems Management, 1, pp. 6-9. Battaglia, G., 1991. Strategic Information Planning: A Corporate Necessity. Journal  of Systems Management, 1, pp. 23-26. Beath, C.M., and Orlikowski, W.,1994. The Contradictory Structure of Systems Development Methodologies: Deconstructing the IS-User Relationship in Information Engineering. Information Systems Research, 5, pp.350-377 Hinden, R., 2010. RFC 3513: Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)  Addressing Architecture. Available at:  https://www.ietf.org/ Hsu, C., Rattner, L.,1993. Information Modeling. Journal of Productions and  Operations Management. 1(3), pp.1 Keen, P., 1993. Information Technology and the Measurement Difference: A Fusion Map. IBM Systems Journal, 32, pp. 1 King, R., 1995. Creating A Strategic Capabilities Architecture. Information Systems  Management, 12, p. 67-9. Lederer, L., 1992. Strategic Information Systems Planning – The Method/1 approach. Information Systems Management, 1, pp.1 McFarlan, F., 1984. Information Technology Changes the Way You Compete.  Harvard Business Review, 1, pp. 98-105 Parvi, F., and Ang, J., 1995. A Study of the Strategic Planning Practices in Singapore. Information Management, 28, pp 33-47 Pant, S., Hsu, C., 1995. Strategic Information System Planning: A Review.  Information Resources Management Association International Conference. 1, 1-23 Pant, S., Rattner, L., Hsu, C., 1994. Manufacturing Information Integration Using a Reference Model. International Journal of Operat ions and Production Management, 14, pp.11 Porter, M., Millar, V., 1985. How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage.  Harvard Business Review, 1, pp.1 Rockart, J.F., 1979. Chief Executives Define Their Own Information Needs. Harvard  Business Review, March, pp.1 Rouse, W., Howard, C., 1993. Software tools for supporting planning. Industrial  Engineering, 1, pp. 51-53. Sheth, J., 1994. Strategic Importance of Information Technology. Advance in  Telecommunications Management, 4, pp.1-14 The Technology Payoff., 1993. Feature Article. Business Week, 1, pp. 57-68. Wessing, T., 2010. An overview of UK data protection law. 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Social holding is subsidiary of positive social practices that are characterized by methodology instead of withdrawal or evasion sort practices. (Curtis Upchurch, 2008). The social aspects of work environment leads to employee turnover such as hotel size, rating etc. and it also leads to the productivity of employee turnover (Brien, Hussein, Thomas, 2013). The article suggests that retention is important for job satisfaction. Work fulfilment turned into a noteworthy develop that encourages strength predominantly by diminishing turnover. Also, fulfilled workers attempt endeavour to end up capable at what they do, build their loyalty to the association and serve clients in a more productive way. (Israeli Barkan, 2003). â€Å"Employee’s behaviour assessment, which is based on indust rial settings, should be reconfigured in order to suit the tourism and hospitality sector as well as imply the indicators of the customer–employee relation within the assessment†, as said by Saad (2013, p. 341). The study highlights the importance of HR and trade unions to enhance the productivity, protection and the employee welfare, preserving jobs (Daemone, 2014).It also tells how trade unions working with human resources helps in providing excellent working environment, practising labour laws and preserve rights of employee (Boardman Barbato, 2008). This study tells the factors that influence the labour turnover in an organisation and also attempts to review as how employee turnover, employment factors, and employee satisfaction are linked. It provides the framework that explains the relationship between job satisfaction and the employee satisfaction in terms of service quality and customer loyalty (AlBattat, Mat Son, Helalat, 2014).Management strategies that enhances different individuals with the internal control locus might increase on one’s job satisfaction since strengthening is harmonious with the workers interior locus convictions that they have control over their own behaviour. It also emphasis on the relationship between employee job locus and their job satisfaction (Salazar, Hubbard, Salazar, 2002). The research (AlHrout Mohamed, 2014) analysed the behaviour i.e. employee- employer relationship, of the employees in a hospitality industry in general and the front-line staff’s behaviour is linked to hotel’s business and can improve the quality of the services rendered by them. The social external factors (Ongori, Iravo, Munene, 2013) not only provide ultimate employee satisfaction but also provides various opportunities in career that has important effect on employee morale and motivation, also these factors that generally affect an employee motivation are family relations and job commitment, that are witnessed prominently in city and coastal hotels whereas reward factor is more effective in city hotels, it isn’t that effective in the coastal hotels (Kingir Mesci, 2010). According to Cheung, Baum and Wong (2010), the comprehension of strengthening by hotel administrators in China identifies with the degree to which the responsible directors or the managers have individual trust for the employees. This study also tells about the commitment of the staff to devolve responsibilities of HR across all the employees and offers significant ramifications for worldwide hotel organizations wanting to situate in a desired location and looking to apply the established strengthening and empowerment approaches inside the hotels of that location (Fleming, 2000).The study yields results that HRM practices arbitrate the uniting of business strategy and employee outcomes. Also the collective effects of business strategies and human resource practices on the workers in MNCs are not much different from the ones that are carried out in hotel organizations (The impact of strategic human resource management on employee outcomes in private and public limited comapanies in Ma laysia, 2013). The study in New Zealand shows at least 22% people work 50 hours a week and this is a great example to signify the workplace as an appropriate environment to promote the health and wellbeing of working class. The work environment acts crucially in the advertisement of health and supporting health conditions with joy of work. Also the workplace programmes, management support helps in establishing their employees feel that their employer is committed to their health and wellbeing (A guide to promoting health and wellness in the workplace, 2012).The understanding of the employee attitudes and their effect on the business results are furthermore complicated in yesteryears by the new era of service workers. The initial analysis of data from the researcher’s study of generation’s differences in employee attitudes yields that there are still major differences in all, but only one key work-related behaviour (Health and safety for hospitality small business, 2002). The same has been agreed by Solnet and Kralj (2011). The article records out issues which influence the adequacy and proficiency of a human resource planning and administration in an association. Among the ranges in this talk are, planning; progression learning; maturing workforce; devotion; expanding number of female employers; uncertain sets of expectations and determinations; debilitated specialists, proactive employers; slow learners; and aptitude inadequacies of the workforce (Gopalakrishnan, 2012).The need of understanding the human resources is to make it effective in workplace, to share the values amongst the staff. The HRM is used as a term that helps in enclosing various human resource practices such as recruiting, training, directing human resource policies and embracing the HR philosophies amongst the workforce (Jackson Schuler, 1995). Social security, that deals with the health and safety of the employees. The management decision effects the employees and it is the responsibility under HR practices of providing a safe a secure environment, as talked about the Iranian hotels in the article (Tabibi, Khah, Nariripour, Vahdat, Hessam, 2011).The rights of the employee are important and sensitive in a workplace. The article talks about the key points of record keeping of employees and the use of biometrics. As how the employee record and information are kept secret and how biometric has become a significant tool in roster planning and payroll (Babu, 2007).The article emphasis on the employee attitudes in attaining ultimate job satisfaction. It basically talks about the causes of employee behaviour, the outcomes of positive or the negative job satisfaction, and how to record and effect employee attitudes. Also it is talked about as how to close these gaps in employee demand and job satisfaction (Saari Judge, 2004).The article states that how HR practices may lead to firm growth rate. The practices that may lead to the firm growth rate are a job security, management’s selective hiring, a self-driven teams, remuneration policy, the rigorous training with the staff and the flow of information sharing (Vlachos, 2009). Various studies refers to an imbalanced distribution of the income between male and female employees in the hotels and hospitality industry, with the earnings of females are less than the males. In various developing countries, women are less empowered in comparison to males, due to the visible and invisible challenges. These factors often reflect in hiring, recruitment, promotions etc. (K, Musa, Ibrahim, 2010). As quickly talked about above with the backing of distinctive scholarly and expert diary articles the paper finishes up by depicting how all the outside social compelling components influence the hotel’s key human asset administration arranging. The paper covers the variables, for example, work fulfilment which is specifically proportionate to the view of individual workers with respect to their occupations which straightforwardly impacts the lodgings worker turnover. It is comprehended that to hold a representative and to keep them fulfilled by their occupation and workplace, the worker should be spurred through distinctive means. The articles studied connects certain elements, the preparation and advancement of individual staff individuals in their territories of interest. Their general wellbeing, security and employer stability with the inspiration of staff and their maintenance to the employment and the hotel organizations. The human resources li kewise differentiates strategies, for example, rewards or recognitions that may be in monetary terms related or others as said above helps boosting the morale and in the ultimate staff satisfaction. The administration and representative’s helps in supervising and the execution of work laws and to reach an agreement between the management and trade unions that provides an excellent workplace. This also helps in providing equal opportunities are given to all genders, prominently gay and lesbians. Works Cited A guide to promoting health and wellness in the workplace. (2012, December). 1-5. AlBattat, A. R., Mat Son, A. P., Helalat, A. S. (2014, Febuary). Higher dissatisfaction higer turnover in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(2), 45-50. Retrieved June 14, 2015, from http://hrmars.com/hrmars_papers/Higher_Dissatisfaction_Higher_Turnover_in_the_Hospitality_Industry.pdf AlHrout, S. A., Mohamed, B. (2014). Human resource management practice tourism and hotel industry. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 2-11. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://journal-archieves31.webs.com/897-928.pdf Babu, T. (2007). Privacy rights of employer. Accomodation association of Australia, 23-26. Retrieved June 18, 2015 Boardman, J., Barbato, C. (2008). Review of socially responsible HR and labour relations practice in internationsl hotel chains. International Labour Organization, 9-14. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_dialogue/sector/documents/publication/wcms_162286.pdf Brien, A., Thomas, N., Hussein, A. (2013). The low level of organizational social capital in hotel A New Zealand case study. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 12, 400-413. Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=2hid=4114 Cheung, C., Baum, T., Wong, A. (2010). Factors affecting employee empowerment practics in China hotels. Journal of Business Research, 7(3), 1-11. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/26542/36/strathprints026542.pdf Curtis, C. R., Upchurch, R. S. (2008). A case study in establishing a positive culture: Attachment and invlovement in the workplace. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 7, 131-138. Retrieved June 15, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=1hid=4114 Daemone, M. M. (2014). Human resources management (HRM) and trade unions compatibility: Soft-Hard model digestion for human capacity building and sustainable productivity at workplace. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 5(7), 121-130. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://jetems.scholarlinkresearch.com/articles/HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT.pdf Fleming, S. (2000). From personnel management to HRM: Key issues and challenges. Journal of CPMR, 11, 8-13. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from .http://www.ipa.ie/pdf/cpmr/CPMR_DP_16_Personnel_Management_to_HR_ KeyIssues_Challenges.pdf Gopalakrishnan, G. (2012). Issues that influences the effectiveness and efficiency of a human resource management in an organisation. Internal Journal of Economics Management Sciences , 1(6), 65-70. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://omicsonline.com/open-access/issues-that-influences-the-effectiveness-and-efficiency-of-a-human-resource-management-in-an-organisation-2162-6359-1-056.pdf?aid=17177 Health and safety for hospitality small business. (2002). Workers Compensation Board of British Colunbia, 6, 8-28. Retrieved June 11, 2015, from http://www.healthandsafetycentre.org/resources/hospitality/hosp_smbiz.pdf Israeli, A. A., Barkan, R. (2003). The impact of hotel social events on employee satisfaction: A case study. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 2(2), 24-39. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]5vid=2hid=4114 Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S. (1995). Understanding human resources management in the context of organizations and their environments. 46, 251-254. Retrieved June 13, 2015, from http://www3.ul.ie/ulearning/html files/global hrm/pdfs/Understanding HR Management in the Context of Organizations.pdf K, M. M., Musa, P., Ibrahim, B. (2010, Febuary). Gender bias in managing human resources in the Turkish hospitality industry: Is bias impacted by demographic context? ASBBS, 17(1), 479-483. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://asbbs.org/files/2010/ASBBS2010v1/PDF/B/Birkan.pdf Kingir, S., Mesci, M. (2010). Factors that affect hotel employees motivation the case of Bodrum. Serbian Journal of Management, 5(1), 59-67. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://www.sjm06.com/SJM ISSN1452-4864/5_1_2010_May_1-188/5_1_59-76.pdf Ongori, J. L., Iravo, M., Munene, C. E. (2013). Factors afecting performance of hotels and restaurants in Kenya: A case KISII Country. Interdiciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business , 4(12), 897-907. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from http://journal-archieves31.webs.com/897-928.pdf Saad, S. K. (2013). Contemporary challenges of human resources planning in tourism and hospitality organizations: A conceptual model. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism(12), 333-354. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=3hid=101 Saari, L. M., Judge, T. A. (2004). Employee attitudes and job satisafaction. Human Resource Management, Winter, 43(4), 395-407. Retrieved from http://www.utm.edu/staff/mikem/documents/jobsatisfaction.pdf Salazar, J., Hubbard, S., Salazar, L. (2002). Locus of control and its influence on hotel managers job satisfaction. Journal of Huma Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 1(2), 15-26. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]vid=1hid=101 Solnet, D., Kralj, A. (2011). Generational differeneces in work attitudes: Evidence from the hospitality industry. Journal of FIU Review, 29(2), 37-42. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/[emailprotected]4vid=1hid=4207 Stone, R. J. (2010). Managing Human Resources. Milton, Queensland, Australia: John Wiley and Sons. Tabibi, J. S., Khah, S. V., Nariripour, A. A., Vahdat, S., Hessam, S. (2011). Factors affecting human resource development in the Iranian social security organizations hospitals. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(2), 164-173. Retrieved June 19, 2015, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.390.1758rep=rep1type=pdf The impact of strategic human resource management on employee outcomes in private and public limited comapanies in Malaysia. (2013, September). ISS MLB, 175-193. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from http://ibac-conference.org/ISS MLB 2013/Papers/MLB 2013/3028..doc.pdf Vlachos, I. P. (2009). The effects of human resource practics on firm growth. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 4(2), 18-30. Retrieved June 11, 2015, from http://www.business-and-management.org/library/2009/4_217-34-Vlachos.pdf

Schizophrenia: Reality Distorted Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pape

Schizophrenia: Reality Distorted Insanity, then, is inordinate or irregular, or impaired action of the mind, of the instincts, sentiments, intellectual, or perceptive powers, depending upon and produced by an organic change in the brain. ---W.A.F. Browne, MD, 18371 Schizophrenia is considered a disease of the brain, a physical disorder that, thanks to modern technology, is able to be visualized. Schizophrenia, along with other diseases of the brain, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and multiple sclerosis, are all brain diseases which alter both functionality and structure of the brain. Schizophrenia has been called a cruel disease, one that impairs life greatly in a degenerative fashion, altering emotions and various abilities greatly. This unfortunate disease is quite common, effecting about one to two percent of the World's population. About two to four percent of the population suffer from less severe yet still debilitating and disturbing schizophrenic-like symptoms. An estimated sixty five billion a dollars per year is spent on this disorder in the United States.(2) It is estimated that over two million Americans suffer from schizophrenia in their lifetime.. There is a definite biological basis for this disease, although it is not totally understood. For a long time schizophrenia was a mystery to doctors and scientists. Virtually any patient with a psychological disorder used to be placed under the expansive umbrella that defined the disease. Poor parenting was a misleading, early excuse for the troubles caused by what is now known to be substantially based in genetics. The most current idea of origin is that this disorder occurs during the crucial beginning months of life, those spent within the womb. Neither ... ... from it and their friends and family. Internet Sources 1) a href=http://www.schizophrenia.com/newsletter/buckets/intro.html 2) a href= http://www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 3) http://www.schizophrenia.com/ami/diagnosis/nbd%20intro.html 4) http://www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 5) http://www.schizophrenia.com,/newsletter/1296/1296usnews.htm 6) http://www.nejm.org/content/1999/0340/0008/0645.asp 7) http://www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 8) Goodman&Gilman's CD-Rom The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edition 9) http://www.schizophrenia.com/newsletter/buckets/hypo.html 10) http://www.powerpak.com/ce/PsychDisorders/lesson.htm 11) http://www.schizophrenia.com/newsletter/buckets/intro.html 12) Goodman&Gilman's CD-Rom The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edition

Compartment Syndrome

Balancing Change Everyone experiences drastic changes or problems in their lives, and the ones who can react and find solutions to them will most likely end up conquering them. For some, it can take a long time to adjust, while others can come out on top quicker. It was a normal feeling Friday when I woke up on January 26th, 2007, but little did I know this would be the biggest challenge that I have ever had to face. â€Å"Ring†¦. ring†¦.. ring,† the school bell rang deafeningly through the gymnasium.It was first period, and the first class on my agenda for the day was my personal favorite, â€Å"P. E. †, short for Physical Education. The class started out with our muscle-loosening stretches, and then moved on to one of my all-time favorite sports, basketball. The sparkling, brand new â€Å"Kobe Bryant 8’s† were a necessity for my feet in order to play. As I was tying the knots to begin, my best friend Ryan Decker glided swiftly into class with h is â€Å"Heely’s†, which are shoes made with a wheel incorporated into the sole of the shoe. What did I do, when I first spotted them?I asked him if I could try them on and roll around the gymnasium, because the slick floor provides a perfect surface for rolling around on. As I was rolling around, a basketball rolled in between my feet. I stared at it, and thought about it for a couple seconds. I thought to myself, â€Å"How cool would it be to roll from one side to the other, then shoot a layup right into the basket? † Step by step, glide by glide, I was gaining speed. â€Å"BOOM! † Before I could even comprehend what happened, I glared down at a surging pain that vibrated through my whole body, mainly sourcing from my left ankle.My ankle was completely turned backwards. I frantically yelled out to my instructor, â€Å"MY ANKLE IS BROKEN! † As he sprinted over to the other side of the gymnasium where I was laying in agony, I could see an audience starting to gather. He informed me that the ambulance was on its way and that my mother had been notified. Five minutes later, the ambulance arrived to my side. Before I knew it, I was placed into the ambulance, and I was on my way to seek urgent medical attention. Within four hours, I went through multiple x-rays, took a bunch of ain-killers, and a vibrant green colored cast was placed onto the lower half of my leg. Unfortunately enough, I had suffered a double break through my tibia, which is the second biggest bone in the human body, next to the femur. I thought to myself about all the consequences this would cause and how it would interfere with my everyday life. After a long ride home with my mother, I finally saw my house in the distance; I was home. With my leg still screaming with pain, I wondered why the pain was still so severe, even with the help of the pain killers.I kept on repeating to my parents that I was still in excruciating pain. The pain was so unbearable that I couldn’t keep my mind off of it. This continued on for a couple days, but then something went terribly wrong. I tried to wiggle my toes to see if my movement was still there, but it wasn’t. Over and over again, I kept trying to move them and then I came to realize all of the movement in my foot was gone. I finally communicated to my parents that there was really something bad going on and that I needed to get rushed back to the hospital for a checkup.After impatiently waiting in the waiting room for about an hour, I the doctor finally arrived to escort the family and I to the testing room. Then the worst words, that I will never forget came out of her mouth. â€Å"Robert†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I made a mistake when I diagnosed you with a broken ankle†¦you have suffered from a condition called compartment syndrome. † â€Å"Compartment syndrome is a limb threatening and life threatening condition, defined as the compression of nerves, blood vessels, and muscle inside a closed space (compartment[->0]) within the body.This leads to tissue death from lack of oxygenation due to the blood vessels being compressed by the raised pressure within the compartment† (PubMed). All of a sudden, the doctor said I needed to be placed into surgery immediately before the condition worsened. I kept thinking about my future in school, sports, and most importantly my health. My education was in path to become a big failure, sports was not going to be a significant part of my life anymore, and hopefully my leg was still going to be attached to my body by the end of this.After a successful surgery of putting in screws through my thick tibia bone, adding new tendons from a cadaver, and fixing it cosmetically, I finally woke up from the anesthesia. Movements with my ankle hurt like hell, but I didn’t even seem to care because I was able to regain movement and at least half of my feeling back. Eight weeks passed by, and I was finally able to start my phys ical therapy training to try and overcome this beast of an incident. The physical therapist first instructed me to walk down the hallway on about fifty percent of my weight.As I was taking my second step I heard and felt a click in my ankle. The stitches holding my tendons together into place ripped through them like a soft cheese. I again was not able to move any part to my foot and ankle. I was back to square one once again. I was not physically and mentally prepared for something this bad to happen. I was going to have to go under the knife once more to fix this mess of an injury. This same instance of ripping through the cadaver’s tendon in my ankle happened five more times before I was fully healed. But what does fully healed mean?Fully healed to me, meant nothing because of everything I went through to get to this point. No student should have to miss 3 months of school in one school year and have to be strayed from any scholastic activities for that long. No athlete sh ould have to miss a whole season and championship run because of an injury. Lastly no human being should have to worry about their health and their chance of living at the age of fifteen. At the end of this challenge, I had to go through seven surgeries, when really it should’ve only taken about two.Because the doctor never tested my ankle for compartment syndrome, I had to suffer. What did suffering do to me in the long run? It turned me into who I am today. A young man who feels like he can make his was through any adversity, problems, or change. When something bad happens to yourself, you are given two choices: either to react in a manner aiming to better yourself from the situation, or to grieve and stay emotionally broken. Always keep your head up, and never think the worst because it can always get better with the right attitude.I am now right back on track with my education, and the ankle feels better than ever. Never again, will I ever put on another pair of â€Å"He ely’s† in my life. The art of being able to balance change is something that I believe has transformed me into the person I am today and the person I am going to be. Works Cited: Board, A. D. A. M. Editorial. Compartment Syndrome. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 18 Nov. 0000. Web. 09 Oct. 2012. . [->0] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Compartment_(anatomy)

Gay Marraige

Please, Just imagine this. You're young, it's the start of summer and you're out with your favorite group of friends, soaking up the sunshine and relaxing. You all decide to leave the park, and go for a stroll down to town. You pass by a brightly lit up bar, it's got music pumping through the doormen and it looks alive. Heart racing, you tell everyone you all should go in and check it out. You slowly walk through the door frame and can see happy people everywhere, men and women dancing to their hearts content.Your eyes scan the room and suddenly your eyes are fixed on a person. Their face is lit up with excitement of the moment, and then their eyes are fixed on you, they smile and call you over to dance. You follow them onto the dance floor and the best night of your life unfolds. It's now been 3 years; you're madly in love with that one person you met at the bar. You're living together, loving every minute you spend with each other.You want to take a step forward, take it to the nex t level and spend the rest of your lives together, officially, legally. But you're denied this opportunity by the government; same sex marriage is illegal in Australia. The bill that my party would like to put forward is to legalize same sex marriage. In my opinion, same sex marriage would be a great opportunity for social progress. Two people who love each other should be able to publicly celebrate their commitment.It does not and should not hurt anybody else if it was allowed, and denying them is a violation of freedom. Denying them this opportunity can cause serious psychological damage and can make them feel little and not a part of the community. By allowing same sex marriage, it helps adoption because there are any problems with gay couples choosing to conceive a child, since 2000 the adoption by same sex couples has doubled.Allowing same sex marriage will almost guarantee that the adoption rate will rise even higher. Gay marriage is recognized, supported and legal in twelve d ifferent countries already. Now it's Australia's turn to Jump onto the band wagon. Introduction of same- sex marriage laws has varied by Jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through a legislative change to marriage laws, a court ruling based on constitutional guarantees f equality, or by direct popular vote.By providing the opportunity of same sex marriage it gives both people in the relationship hospital access during an injury or illness. It will allow them to have family health benefits, taxation and inheritance rights. In all fairness it would benefit us all, as a community in many different ways and should be legalized. It will bring people together, give us all the equal rights we should be entitled to and will end happily in the long run. Help us all close the gap within same sex marriage, bring forward social progress and

midterm review

midterm review Qing Dynasty: also known as the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China. Ruled from 1644-1912. It was proceeded by ming dynasty and succeed by people's republic of China. Territory extent includes China proper+MMTX. 1. Formation of Manchu State 2 ethnic groups: Tibethan, Mongol, Han, Manchu, and Norterwestern muslims 3. Did not force different ethnic groups to confirm to Manchu customs, allow them to be separate from each other ("trying to be all things to all people")Tang dynasty: 618-907 AD. Xi'an as capital. Rulers: half han half turick. Open to foreign influence, enforced cosmopolitan. Buddhism took root in China when Xuan Zang visited India and brought back the religious scriptures. Outsiders blamed for the problems.The tributary system was the traditional Chinese system for managing foreign relations. By establishing the rules and controlling the means and symbolic forms by which foreign countries entered into and conducted their relations with China, and discuss important matters of political, economic, and diplomatic concerns of China.English: China and Japan in 1844, by John Nicaragu...Korea, the Ryukyu Islands, Vietnam, Thailand, and Burma were "tributary states," which sent regular tribute missions. Tribute often needed to bring expensive gifts when they meet the emperor, and they are requested to get on their knees and bow when they see the emperor, to show their respect.Treaty of Nanking was the first unequal treaty. Signed in 1842 to mark the end of the Opium War between England, Ireland and China. It was unequal because Britain had no obligations in return. Because China was defeated, Britain warships poised to attack the city, representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiated aboard HMS Cornwallis anchored at Nanjing. There are three 3 terms: More foreign trade, Reparations and Demobilization (silver and opium), Cession of HongkongUnequal treaty: First "Treaty of Nanking". It is unequal...

I have three topic you can choose anyone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I have three topic you can choose anyone - Essay Example Involuntary servitude became a federal crime that was punishable and male suffrage became guaranteed, while the US congress became the protector and enforcer of the amendments, as well as sustainer of the national government. Despite congress having the above roles, a number of things saw the rights of the black people being violated on a massive scale; moreover, this congress saw the people being violated. In this light, congress was made up of a majority of people from the north, who were voted into government by a majority. Therefore, for the northern people, the rights of the newly freed African Americans did matter much as their main idea was to have the United States resume their status as a union, as they were before the civil war. With this in mind, the rights of African Americans did little to achieve this goal thus; they were ignored for their bigger goal of restoring the union. This was in spite of having African Americans receive some degree of freedom and rights that the y could practice, but political ambitions crowded the congress and saw them denied of that which they required most, rights. To enjoy the freedoms and rights warranted to them during the reconstruction period, there was the Ku Klux Klan Act that was set against states and individuals that came between freed men and their rights that the federal government enforced with vigor. Some of the limitation to their rights and freedoms during this period included punishments that were a lot stricter than those given to white people for the same crimes were. As such, African Americans were harshly punished for breaking their contracts in that they were beaten, arrested, and forced into labor, in spite there being laws against people who offered higher amounts of money for the African Americans to break their contract. This shows how much they were violated in the labor scene as the law that the people applied only worked on one side, which was against the newly freed African Americans. In add ition, despite African Americans being in a position to testify in a court of law and state their case, African American women were violated and denied the chance to do so. This happened especially in cases where white men raped black women, as the law did not recognize black women as being in a position to attract white men, as they were even viewed by society as being vulgar and drawing attention to themselves. In addition to the issue of work, some employers forced African Americans to work in gangs, which was out rightly against their freedoms and rights, as they could choose where to live and how to work. These violations, based on the analysis of historical facts and occurrences were the result of mass election of northern people into congress, which saw public opinion shift to southerners being viewed as radicals. This is because the southerners spearheaded the reconstruction of African American lives by fighting for their and ensuring that they were protected. The violations also happened due to the presence of terrorist organizations that kept people away from the polls to elect their own candidates, which was further aggravated by the presence of black codes. These codes were in place since democrats did not want African Americans

Human resorce web Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resorce web - Article Example It also said that the company's management had failed to address and correct the issue even after the victims raised complains. The acts violated the Civil Rights of 1964, Title VII. The company also was to offer training to all employees, furnish the commission with its employment-practice reports for 3 year period and source for consultancy to review the company's policies dealing with harassment and the involved procedures in an agreed consent decree which was, on September 5 approved by the court. The above case shows that rules on work discrimination needed to be strengthened and taken very seriously. In addition, the laws are still weak on these cases since I feel that the senior officials would have been taken personally responsible for this misconduct. All forms of sexual harassment to interfere with a person's employment, performance at work un- reasonably, intimidates him/her or sense of it, hostile or work environment that is not conducive. The laws also prohibit discrimination against age, disability, pay discrimination, national origin, pregnancy, race, religion and retaliation.